Kakutani’s “Word Police” Essay

In Michiko Kakutani’s essay, â€Å"The Word Police,† the author uses examples, illustrations and definitions to support the claim that our language is on the brink of absurdity because we hide our true identities and inequalities with euphemisms. In regard to euphemisms, Kakutani states that they â€Å"tend to distract attention from the real problems of prejudice and injustice in society† (423). Although the essay is persuasive and supported well, the author falls short of persuading her unbiased audience because of repetitive and tedious criticisms of the politically correct movements. Her argument lacks absolution in her failure to provide her audience with an alternative solution. Kakutani opens with the claim the political correctness is prevalent in society today. For support she uses several examples of icons that are being redeveloped to appease the growing demand for P.C. These include Little Miss Coppertone, who will soon have a male equivalent, and Superman, who will come in four new flavors. In using these familiar, mainstream products, Kakutani sways the audience in her direction while consolidating her claim. She also makes us aware of her aversion to politically correct movements with the use of her sarcasm in renovating the words â€Å"Miss† and â€Å"Superman.† The author then discusses a more considerable issue, that of the controversy over our language. â€Å"Political correctness† defined by Kakutani as â€Å"a vision of a more just, inclusive society in which racism, sexism and prejudice of all sorts have been erased,† (421) has good intent, but the methods used by politically correct activists to achieve their goals are too extreme. This, in turn, will just lead to the â€Å"scorn of conservative opponents and the mockery of cartoonists and late-night television hosts† (421). To validate her claim, Kakutani uses the example of a woman changing â€Å"testimony† to â€Å"ovarimony† at a Modern Language Association. This illustration supports her claim and persuades the audience to agree that the techniques used by P.C. radicals are excessive. To further her claim, she also adds a list of commonly used words and phrases, such as â€Å"charley horse† and â€Å"lazy susan† that, in a  politically correct language, would never be acceptable and debates the necessity and feasibility of changing them. The author also believes that the trendy surge of P.C. dictionaries becoming available to us is forming a new way of speaking and writing. The majority of Kakutani’s backing for this is Rosalie Maggio’s book The Bias-Free Word Finder, a Dictionary of Nondiscriminatory Language. Maggio offers over 5,000 prejudice words and phrases to avoid, as well as techniques on how to make one’s speaking and writing less offensive. In order to support her argument that politically correct language is on the verge being ridiculous, she farcically reconstructs several popular phrases with the use of Maggio’s â€Å"dictionary.† Leonardo DiVinci’s â€Å"Mona Lisa† becomes his â€Å"acme of perfection,† while â€Å"king of the jungle† becomes â€Å"monarch of the jungle.† The extreme illustration is an excellent technique for convincing her audience, but her narrow breadth of sources causes the reader to doubt whether or not she has any other support. Kakutani then inquires as to who will accept and live by these P.C. rules. Her use of satire as a persuasion technique is very efficient when she states that Maggio’s book will most likely never become a staple in the average classroom, or be â€Å"adopted by the average man (sorry, individual)† (421). She then argues that these â€Å"P.C. dictionaries† only create confusion among there own supporters with there self-contradictions. More proof for Kakutani’s claim is an example from Language, Gender, and Professional Writing, by Francine Wattman Frank and Paula A. Treichler of the Modern Language Association. In the book, Frank and Treichler state that using â€Å"he† or â€Å"she† is an â€Å"appropriate construction for talking about an individual (like a jockey, say) who belongs to a profession that’s predominantly male† (422). Kakutani points out that later in the book, the authors contradict themselves by stating, â€Å"using masculine pronouns rhetorically can underscore ongoing male dominance in those fields, implying the need for change† (422). This example regains the trust of Kakutani’s readers. The citation accomplishes its goal in influencing the audience to agree with her claim and causes the reader to wonder what good the  politically correct activists are doing if they cannot even agree with their selves. With the readers trust regained and the su pport of Kakutani’s belief, the author proceeds into her most persuasive argument. Kakutani discusses Maggio’s suggestion to substitute politically incorrect words and phrases with symbols in order to draw attention to the fact that those words and phrases are improper. Rebutting this idea, Kkautani proclaims that Maggio’s philosophy offers no real solution to remove bigotry from our country. In actuality, Maggio’s suggestions focus only on the surface of the word or phrase being corrected and not it’s content. Kakutani supports her claim with the example of when Mark Twain’s classic, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, was under consideration for being eliminated from school curriculums because it was labeled racist due to the fact that it included the word â€Å"nigger.† By using such a well-known incident, Kakutani again convinces the reader to agree with her claim, in part because of the common ground that the incident creates. The support succeeds in persuading and building communion with the reader since most well edu cated individuals have read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and are aware that the book has no racist purpose. Kakutani then argues that the politically correct actions taken to correct our language are in reality distorting the meanings of the words being attacked. Using the pamphlet, â€Å"Dictionary of Cautionary Words and Phrases† as an example, Kakutani lists non-prejudicial words that are labeled discriminatory. She relates her claim to words used to describe the Vietnam War and Watergate by the government. Using two incidents that are associated negatively to the reader, the author succeeds in convincing her audience. Kakutani next repeats her allegation that the replacing of politically correct words by symbols or other words is not a solution to end problems, instead it will â€Å"make it easier to shrug off the seriousness of their situation† (423). Once again, Kakutani retreats to an example from Maggio’s book to probe her claim. Concluding, Kakutani states that the actions taken by the politically correct activists are being â€Å"purchased at the cost of freedom of expression and freedom of speech† (424). She ends her argument  with an illustration of how the Gettysburg Address would sound if it had been written in a politically correct manner. Overall, Kakutani loses the readers attention towards the end of her debate. She convinces the unbiased audience that the politically correct movements are flawed, but fails to full persuade them to agree with her view that they are ineffective. The use of so many examples from the same source entices the reader to ponder the legitimacy of her arguments. One book is not enough ground to convince a sophisticated, intelligent reader. Moreover, Kakutani’s neglect to suggest an alternative solution to the one offered by the politically correct advocates makes her essay seem unfinished, and casts a negative shadow over Kakutani’s entire debate.

Irony in Love

Irony in Love Irony is a mystery. The smartest minds of society even contradict themselves; nothing goes as planned. No matter how much people are molded by others, they are always their own individual with their own free will. Love is also a mystery; it is an emotion, but also a psychological necessity. Having immense book smarts and everything planned out does not set the standards for the ideal guy. Conceded, self-centered people have no realization that the world does not revolve around them and their opinion.In many cases, the guy â€Å"on top† does not always get what he wants but what he deserves. In Max Sultan's, Love Is a Fallacy, the story has almost no association with the emotion love; it follows the material, selfish, earthly values of humans. Salmon portrays how irony can be seen through a man teaching a woman how to be logic, but then the woman turns away. Logically choosing another mate. A young law student pursues Poly Espy; a beautiful, graceful classmate who is not the brilliant compared to him. He aims to teach her logic, making them the â€Å"perfect† pair.In his arrogance he neglects to see that Poly is her own person and does not have to choose him, no matter his educational status. After all the knowledge given to her, she makes the decision to â€Å"go steady' with his roommate, Petty Bellows, realizing their relationship is not a logical choice for her life. As John Gay has said â€Å"follow love and it will flee, flee love and it will follow. † Poly sees right through the main character, all his â€Å"hard work† back fired. In the end of the story she has no interest in him. With all his intelligence, he has no emotions.Everything enters around him. During the story, Poly and the future lawyer meet for their â€Å"dates† at the Knoll. Known for being regularly visited by young couples as a hook up spot. Though this young couple ironically goes to talk about logic. The young law student could have ta ken her any. Veer at all, but chose to take her to a romantic spot for a non-romantic conversation. His unconscious, emotionless choice provides the audience and Poly even more information to come to the conclusion that he isn't emotionally interested; even though he stated it early in the story.For him this is strictly an experiment to see if Poly is â€Å"worthy' of him. He would rather spend the time â€Å"correcting† Polyps mind because she is â€Å"logic-proof,† than trying to get to know her for who she really is. In doing this he debilitates the chemical process the brain completes in order to feel the emotion of lust and attraction. Everyone and everything has to measure up to him or it is not good enough. Though, in the end the law student doesn't measure up to his roommate that is â€Å"dumb as an ox. † At the end of the story, Poly chooses Petty over the pompous law student imply because of the raccoon coat.Ironically the reason petty has the coat is because of the fact that his roommate gave him it for the girl. Poly hilariously proves to the young man that no matter how well put together someone's future or current situation in life, something as simple as a raccoon coat can leave you in the dust. From the very beginning, Poly and Petty already had chemistry. Like John Dryden once said â€Å"love is not in our choice but in our fate,† there was something established prior. The young lawyer sought out to take her, not even considering she needed to be won over.Once again not thinking about another individual's opinion, only his need and wants to become a â€Å"successful† lawyer. Proven in Love Is a Fallacy, you can educate someone to a higher standard but the repercussions of that action may not be in your favor. This lead to the knowledge that having a giant intellect does not mean that an individual knows everything, especially about love. Many geniuses do not understand that not every aspect of life needs to be mathematically calculated to precision. People are singular because no one is exactly alike.

Applied & Theoretical Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied & Theoretical Research - Essay Example ustrial and commercial technologies, application of research to find out and streamline scientific knowledge to meet specific commercial results with respect to the production, deliverance, sourcing and all the other departments of the industry would refer as applied research. In other fields like health care and medicine applied research would utilize the theoretical knowledge acquired through prior research to design procedures and tools to meet newer challenges in the industry. In other words this kind of research in medical and health industry would direct towards very specific outcomes like the development of new drug, a new therapy methodology or a new surgical procedure. These kinds of experiments can be conducted in animals and other simulative setups to apply and standardize an existing knowledge which is usually a product of theoretical research. Australian Research Council has defined Applied Research as an â€Å"original investigations undertaken in order to acquire newà ‚  knowledge but is directed primarily towards a specific, practical aim or objective† (ARC, 2008). North Western University has defied applied Research as â€Å"research which studies the relationship and/or applicability of theories or principles to the solution of a problem† (NWU, 2008). Theoretical research generally has no relevance with the implications of its findings. It is basically undertaken as a re-inquiry to achieve increased understanding on a proved phenomenon and also on observable facts. This kind of research includes an assumption and the whole effort would be towards either confirmation or rejection of the underlying the assumption made by the research. Observation, description, measurement, experimental manipulations are the tools used by theoretical research in order to formulate and extend knowledge (NJABR, 2005) Theoretical research can be broadly classified as pure theoretical research and oriented strategic basic research. Pure theoretical research is undertaken to

Philosophy Phenomenology and existentialism Sartre on BeinginItself Essay

Philosophy Phenomenology and existentialism Sartre on BeinginItself and BeingforItself - Essay Example His main saying was "Existence precedes Essence". According to Sartre, humans do not have any predetermined nature or course that they should follow. They can decide to do anything that is valuable to them. They have free choice and independent action. The human nature is shaped through these free choices and values. According to the Existentialist view, we create our own nature through our actions, desires, decisions, plans and ambitions. His above slogan negates the traditional view where essence comes before existence and this is the centre of the conventional argument that human beings are born pre-endowed with a nature of their own. According to the pre-determined nature, the individual's chances, opportunities, values, concept in life and achievements are all pre-determined and he will accept life according to the predetermined nature guided by his characters and nature. There is very little he can do about it and alter neither the own nature nor the course it is taking. But Sartre argues against all of it. So, according to his Existentialism it is all in the hands of Man and his likes and dislikes that makes life's rulings. His arguments on being-in-itself and being-for-itself are grounded on this basic assumption. "I suppose that it is accurate to say loosely that being in itself is nonconscious being and that being-for-itself is conscious being. And, at least pragmatically, we may as well restrict being-for-i tself to human being," says Howells (1992, p.49). He says that the external world is connected to the state of being-in-itself and it is a way of existence, an unconscious one, neither passive, nor active, and has no capacity of transcendence. According to Sartre humans like to play God and have a compulsive desire to reach the status of being-in-itself, which means, an ardent longing to be the master of one's own destiny, to be identified in a gratifying way, and attain complete control over his own and other's existence. The difference between the two states is shown in the most simplistic way possible by Sartre. His famous example of a waiter is very interesting. A waiter in the caf thinks that he is a born waiter and nothing else. He thinks that the caf cannot work without him and he is the epitome of perfection in his job. But Sartre says that this cannot be so. He says a man cannot be a complete waiter the way an inkwell is an inkwell. This means, inkwell cannot be anything else other than inkwell, while the man can be many more things other than being a waiter. If he loses the job, or if he gets some other opportunity, he will be come a policeman, or a shopkeeper or a lawyer, or anything else. He could get into any other identity, many of them, one of which is being a waiter because a human being is constantly creating and recreating himself and adapting himself to any role that becomes a necessity of the moment. As inkwell is inkwell, the man is a man. The difference is man can adapt himself to many more identities; but he still continues to be a man which is the state of being-for-itself. In the state of being for itself, he does not ha ve any fixed nature or essence. Actually he should focus more on being for itself instead of being in itself, and he commits this error constantly. While doing so, he becomes a

What are the sources of your political beliefs Essay

What are the sources of your political beliefs - Essay Example I always believe that there is a strong sense of value when one is engaged with political conversations. It is my stand that having the appropriate information of the subject matter will always pave the way for a meaningful understanding at one’s end. Therefore, it is my point that the advancement of communication channels today is a very important source of information primarily in building up the individual’s political beliefs. Furthermore, it is my belief that the environment plays a crucial role on one’s way of life and actual mind set. Here where I believe race and religion at some point, could be essential factors that could help us explain why a person behaves the way he does. The work at hand therefore considers the media, race and religion as significant sources of political beliefs, primarily of the proponent. Societal modernization is said to shape political culture. I agree with this point. It is a common trend from the past that people acquire substa ntial learning about politics and government from television and newspapers. There is a great influence that these media brought to the people’s level of knowledge and belief concerning their existing political culture. Today, the same trend goes on, but there is already inclusion of modern communication system by the aid of cutting-edge communication gadgets. With mobile communication devices that readily connect to one of the most dynamic sources of information today, the internet, people have the ability to connect with the latest political information in the world from almost everywhere. Let us add to the list the coming to life of social networking platforms like Facebook and Twitter that also have significant impact on how an individual may socialize and readily connect to different tribes and tongues around the world. These social networking programs have important contribution to how political information may be imparted from one person to another. These platforms pro vide the opportunity for everyone to express their opinion on the subject matter, allowing others to react and also direct their point of views. Eventually, social networking activities create an environment that at some point may be conducive for substantial learning and expounding of one’s opinions or ideas. Through these, people may potentially acquire the appropriate matter or the so desired information prior to understanding the whole political point of views. Let us take the case for instance of how someone might agree with the political thought linked to the issue of same-sex marriage in the US. There are various groups trying to showcase certain level of advocacy for the legalization of same-sex marriage. These groups have the opportunity to express themselves by establishing networks of friends on the social networking platforms. Here is where everyone has the opportunity to jump right in and engage in a two-way conversation process that provides the occasion to stre ngthen their prevailing political stand on the issue at hand. There may be disagreements along the way, but the entire process is expected to result to something by which people may have to stick on a clear perspective of the subject matter and stand still on their conviction. This only illustrates the idea that the modern media have the great chance to keep everyone highly involved in political-related matters, as these could be the very sources of their political beliefs. This thought is supported by the recent research studies emphasizing that media exposure provides impact in â€Å"shaping the public’s political knowledge, attitudes and behavior† (Innovations for Poverty Action). However, these studies may have significant limitation, which is the linked overestimation of the impacts of media influence as far as people’s pre-existing views is concerned. Here where my second point comes in. The second point is that my personal upbringing coming from my extern al environment provides the opportunity f

Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Ethics - Assignment Example Employers cannot limit individual liberties even if the same possesses a proven cause. Symbolism for a drug search cannot qualify an unwarranted search. This widespread practice can be damaging to an employee. It constraints personal privacy and triggers emotional trauma in employees (Miller, 2010). This means that it may lead to a loss of reputation in circumstances whereby an employee could rescue the same. It is vital to note that there are reasonable ways to address substance abuse in workplaces. For instance, employers could invest in education of employees to remedy the situation. In this perspective, employees could engage in awareness programs (Delpo, 2009). It is agreeable that drug awareness programs have been responsible for reduction in drug abuse since its inception. As regards the theory of utilitarianism, polygraph tests become unethical practices. In this theory, every act should be aimed at the satisfaction of an individual. This constraints the basis for drug tests which normally propos on the idea of protecting a company’s

The Relation Between the Embouchure and Flute Playing Essay

The Relation Between the Embouchure and Flute Playing - Essay Example Practical experiments are inevitable in order to determine the best possible sound producing angle. The flute is quite a small instrument and hence it does not require much air to play. Other wind instruments like woodwinds and brass make their sounds in a way that a certain back pressure is exerted by the instruments and the embouchures. The flute does not exert any kind of back pressure itself. The lips of flutists have to take the responsibility of providing this back pressure and hence a requirement of a large amount of air. The flutist blows a quick jet of air through the embouchure hole. The pressure inside the mouth is above atmospheric level, usually 1 kPa. The source of power to the instrument is the work done to accelerate the air in this jet. The flutist provides the power required to produce a sound. Further, this sound needs an oscillating motion. The air jet present in the flute along with the resonances in the air in the instrument helps in producing an oscillatory com ponent of the flow. Energy is radiated as sound out of the end and any open holes of flute as soon as the air present in the flute starts vibrating. A large amount of energy is lost in the friction with the internal parts of the wall of flute. The column of air present in the flute vibrates more easily at some particular frequencies, known as resonating frequencies. The resonance determines the playing frequency and hence, the pitch. So, the player chooses the desired resonances by selecting a suitable combination of keys.

Discuss the development of garvey's UNIA.what were the factors that Essay

Discuss the development of garvey's UNIA.what were the factors that made Garvey develop his organisationwhat role did geography - Essay Example He immersed himself into books in his quest for more knowledge to complement what he had gained from elementary school. Marcus Garvey’s quest for knowledge saw him travel widely in the Caribbean, Latin America and eventually he landed in London England. His education gave him an advantage over other people of African descent for he was able to secure employment in places where he visited. His position at different newspaper publishing companies gave him an insight into the prevailing conditions and circumstances under which people of African descent were experiencing. It is through his interaction with the outside world that Marcus Garvey became interested in advocating for minority human rights especially for those of African descent. The aim of this paper is to answer questions aimed at illuminating the role that Marcus Garvey played in the development of Pan-Africanism. Marcus Garvey’s exploits in the diaspora saw him attend the Birkbeck College in London where he st udied law and philosophy. His wide travels availed Marcus Garvey the opportunity to interact with a wide range of people from different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. This experience gave him the chance to know and understand different people’s opinions and perceptions of the African race in relation to their lives. He was able to realize that there was wide spread discrimination against individuals of African descent even in the minority races. During his stay in London, he worked for a newspaper called the African Times and Orient Review that was published by Duse Mohamed Ali who is claimed to have had significant influence on Marcus Garvey. His desire to address the oppressed and diminished position of people of African descent in society saw him sometimes address public gatherings in London. Marcus’ talks are said to have been greatly influenced by Booker T. Washington, Henry McNeal and Martin Delany who advocated for minority groups’ equal represe ntation in society. It is highly probable that Duse Mohammed’s Islamic principles played a critical role in influencing Marcus to form the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). UNIA was first established in his home country Jamaica in 1914 under the motto ‘One God, One Aim, One Destiny’. The factors that led to the formation of UNIA by Marcus Garvey were based on the ultimate goal of securing economic, social and political freedom for all people of African descent in the world outside and inside Africa. Marcus saw the need for a united forum through which individuals from minority groups could use to advocate for their rights and freedoms. In 1921, Marcus Garvey was able to garner support from most of the small African associations in a National conference. This strengthened his UNIA organization, which saw its membership swell to between 60 and 70 thousand members. This consolidation enabled him to gain a wider appeal and audience through representatio n by the different groups that UNIA had assimilated, and in turn furthering its agenda. His relocation to the United States of America furthered UNIA’s ambition because the realities of African-American oppression and discrimination were more pronounced than in Europe. This was particularly in London where he had a first hand experience of treatment and perception of people of African descent received from the whites. Marcus’ experiences in US prompted him to advance his organization’

Nursing Competencies Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nursing Competencies - Thesis Example s focused on the discussion of some of these competencies as offered by tree organizations, namely: American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), Quality, Safety Education for Nursing (QSEN), and the National League for Nursing (NLN). The challenges in the industry will also be discussed alongside a personal reflection of the author on the relevance of these competencies to his personal career. Nursing is a critical profession in the United States and, as has been dictated by the increasing healthcare needs, advancements in it are paramount. Advancements in the profession are of equal importance, all in an effort to empower nurses and help in meeting the rising healthcare needs across the country. As such, there are many stakeholders and public agencies that focus on the achievement of this goal by providing the skills that nurses need throughout their academic and professional lives. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), Quality, Safety Education for Nursing (QSEN), and the National League for Nursing (NLN) are primary contributors in this. These three associations have made unique efforts in trying to equip nurses with specific competencies at the Masters level. In addition to these competencies, this paper will discuss some of the factors in the nursing profession and the health care system that make the achievement of these skills necessary, based on evidence from current literature. From a personal and reflective point of view, this paper will also discuss how these skills and competencies related to my career trajectory and describe the steps I am willing to take in an effort to achieve the knowledge and skills necessary during my graduate studies as I seek to master each of these competencies. The AACN has outlined a number of competencies that it is willing to equip nurses with in an effort to enhance their skills. Of the many competencies that it defines under Adult- Gerontology Acute Care NP Competencies, one of the most

Terrorist Attacks of Al Qaeda and Hamas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Terrorist Attacks of Al Qaeda and Hamas - Essay Example There will be clear comprehension as to what drives these groups, and since both of them are Middle Eastern in origin the research will point out that religion and culture are the two main ideologies that drive them to terrorist activities. The conclusion shows that since these people that partake in terrorist activities within these groups have adapted to this way of life there is no real way to change their mind sets and therefore it is an adverse sociological issue that will continue for years to come. Hamas and Al Qaeda view the justification for terrorism as stemming from their origin and the use of Jihad and conflict to resolve disputes. Nevertheless, other countries view the idea of conflict as being something irresolvable, despite how complex or trivial it might be if terrorist activities are the strategies being utilized to minimize it (Farah 2003). Nevertheless, in much of the Middle Eastern land it is moral in Islamic religion to use the strategy of suicide bombing or mass killing of people to gain control and understanding of other people. As for non Muslims, there is no motive for terrorism that is justified. Problems can be resolved between people or nations through negotiation. In the process of negotiation, no party should aim to be a winner; otherwise, the aim of the negotiation will be defeated. There is no motive or morality in terrorizing people for whatever reason, in the minds of non Muslims, in order to simply gain their approval. However, this is where Hamas and Al Qaeda groups differ from other groups in the Middle East. A good example of what instigates violence and terrorist activity in these groups' minds is with issues such as the widely reported Danish cartoon of the Prophet Mohammed, which caused immense damage to people and properties around the world as the Muslims used the opportunity to attack non Muslim interest throughout the globe following this occurrence. Obviously they took it to the extreme left wing as even with, the burning of churches and killing of innocent people, it did not make things right. Therefore, despite the outcome that presents itself, many Muslims see the act of terrorism as a fight for a just cause in defense of their religion and Prophet Mohammed. This is the main ideology that drives both of these terrorist groups. The terrorism that is taking place between Israel and Palestine (Hamas Group) is in much part due to the terrorist government group that is utilizing suicide bombers even during negotiations of peace (Melgreen 2006). Israel is willing to embrace peace and ready to negotiate to reach peaceful agreement. This is reflected in the statement by Farah (2003), "This country is in a fight for its life against the forces of darkness in this world. We can prevail only with consistency, fortitude and by doing what is right." Israel and Palestine can only reach an agreement through peaceful means. The use of suicide bombers in the negotiation process will only prolong the peace process because Israel will not want to concede to terrorist regime and Israel would want to protect its own people against terrorism. The new regime in the

Managerial Accounting Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

Managerial Accounting Case Analysis Essay Compare assigned costs per product under both methods. Why has Activity-based costing changed the total costs assigned to each product? By comparing the two cost assigned methods, there are some differences existed: Unit Product Cost:| Gadgets| Smidgets| Smadgets| Smadgets| Traditional Costing Method| 400| 1,000| 1,350| 850| Activity-Based Costing Method| 590| 1,100| 760| 1,250| Overhead Cost| Widgets| Gadgets| Smidgets| Smadgets| Traditional Costing Method| 200,000| 600,000| 800,000| 400,000| Activity-Based Costing Method| 390,000| 600,000| 210,000| 800,000| I deduct the main reason for that are: Traditional Costing Method use the Overhead Rate (200% of direct labor) and the Activity-Base Costing Method just use the Overhead Cost Drives. As for Traditional Costing Method, the company just accumulate costs into a cost center (Three kinds of costs: director material, director labor, Manufacturing Overhead) , and the Manufacturing overhead just equals the director labor multiply by 200% , the Overhead Rate. These three kind of costs added together we got the total cost, and the total cost divided by the each unit built, we get the final unit product cost, I think it is a rough calculating process. The result depends on the direct labor hours and regardless of any other elements, if direct labor dose not account for a larger portion of the product, the result will not be accurate. In terms of Activity-based costing method, the company use Overhead Cost Drives (There are three allocation bases in the ABC method: depreciation, machine set-up and rent). The Overhead expense just use cost drivers (Such as Machine hours, Set-up hours and Rent) to apply the costs on the products. On the basis of these three, we can get the Overhead cost drive’s Pool Rate, and we also get the actual Cost Driver Quantity for Product Line, and finally we can know what is the exact Activity Cost for Product Line with respect products, finally, we got the total ABC Overhead cost for the three products. So I think this allocating process is more accurate, because it use the Cost drives into different part in detail.

Students with Learning Disabilities: Self-Concepts

Students with Learning Disabilities: Self-Concepts Learning disabilities (LD) is an umbrella term used to describe a number of other, more specific learning disabilities (SLD). Students with SLD comprise the largest single category of students with special needs (U.S. Dept. of Education, 2016). There are many obstacles that students with LD encounter. One of those obstacles being how they judge themselves based on comparisons of other students without LD. In order to better understand this obstacle, one must first examine how children with LD understand their disability and how this understanding is associated with global self-esteem and other self-perceptions. A study conducted by Cosden, Elliot, Noble, and Kelemen (1999) used an assessment consisting of three components: Harters What I am Like scale, Heymans Self-Perception of a Learning Disability (SPLD), and a series of open-ended questions about learning disabilities to determine how children with LD understand their disability and how this understanding is associated with global self-esteem and other self-perceptions. The study consisted of students from both elementary and junior high school. Cosden, Elliot, Noble, and Kelemen (1999) findings revealed that students in the junior high school group had more negative self-perceptions than did students in the elementary group. The largest population of students in each group was informed about their learning problems by school personnel, while other students were informed by their parents. 20% of the junior high students and over one-third of the elementary students reported that no one told them about their disability. A majority of ele mentary students were not able to explain LD in their own words, while one-third of junior high students were able to define learning disabilities as a specific academic problem. A majority of all students believed they would outgrow their LD; however, one-fourth of the junior high students stated that LD would continue to affect them, but not as severe. The remaining students felt that their learning disability would continue to affect them the same as now or didnt know what would happen in the future. Data from the SPLD scores showed that students who reported being informed about their learning disability from teachers had less positive perceptions of their learning disability than students who were told by their parents. Cosden, Elliot, Noble, and Kelemens (1999) revealed additional data that some students told by their teachers were able to articulate an accurate verbal description of their LD; while others told by their teachers demonstrated very little understanding. Therefor e, Cosden, Elliot, Noble, and Kelemens (1999) determined that the source of information had a mixed impact on the students self-understanding. There was some indication that greater knowledge about learning disabilities was associated with lower self-esteem for the children in this study. Now, that weve gained some insight on how self-understanding of ones learning disability affects self-esteem and self-perceptions, lets uncover what research shows about children with LD in regards to academic self-concept and self-esteem. Heyman (1990) examined the self-perception of a learning disability and its relations to academic self-concept and self-esteem. The instrument used for measuring self-esteem was the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory School Short Form, Form B (SCEI-SF). Academic self-concept was measured by three subscales of the Students Perception of Ability Scale (SPAS) developed by Boersma and Chapman (1979). Self-perception of ones learning disability (SPLD) was assessed by a 25-item scale developed by Heyman specific for this study. Participants were tested individually or in small groups of two to eight children. Heyman (1990) found a positive correlation between self-perception of learning disabilities and academic self-concept and self-esteem. Self-perception of learning disability explained 12% of the variability in self-esteem and more than 30% of the variability in academic self-concept. This relationship remained significant after controlling for sex, ethnicity, age, reading and math achi evement, self-contained versus mainstreamed class setting, and age at the time the learning disability was diagnosed. The results of Heymans (1990) study suggest that self-perception of the learning disability may have an effect on academic self-concept and self-esteem, which in turn may influence achievement for children with learning disabilities (Heyman, 1990). At this point, I will discuss differences in self-concept between a student with LD and nonhandicapped students. Cooley and Ayers (1988) investigated differences in self-concept between a student with LD and nonhandicapped students, differences between attributes made by students with LD and those made by nonhandicapped students when explaining success and failure, and the relationship between self-concept and the attributions used by the students. Instruments used for this study included The Piers-Harris Childrens Self-Concept Scale and the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire (IAR). Cooley and Ayers (1988) analysis of the data indicated that the children with LD reported significantly lower self-concept scores than their nonhandicapped peers. Cooley and Ayers (1988) indicated that there was not a significant difference between attributes made by students with LD and those made by nonhandicapped students when explaining success and failure. In regards to the relationship between self-concept and attributions, analysis of Cooley and Ayers (1988) data suggested that external att ributions for success and ability attributions for failure are related to the self-concept scores. Below I will review students from primarily Hispanic backgrounds with LD. Gans, Kenny, and Ghany (2003) examined the self-concept of children with learning disabilities (LD) from primarily Hispanic backgrounds. The study compared children with LD and their peers without LD on self-concept and contributes to the literature by using a primarily Hispanic sample and by examining gender differences. The Piers-Harris Childrens Self-Concept Scale (PHCSCS) was selected for this study due to its theoretical understanding of self-concept, its ease of administration and the targeted population. The PHCSCS includes six cluster scales: Behavior, Intellectual and School Status, Physical Appearance and Attributes, Anxiety, Popularity, and Happiness and Satisfaction. Participants completed this 80-item scale by responding yes or no to the test statements. Gans, Kenny, and Ghany (2003) found that participants with LD scored significantly lower on the PHCSCS subscale of Intellectual and School Status than participants without LD. Also, Gans, Kenny, and Ghany (2003) found th at participants with LD scored lower on the PHCSCS subscale of Behavior than participants without LD. None of the other subscales yielded significant differences between participants with LD and those without LD. There was no difference between boys with LD and girls with LD on self-concept. The correlations of PHCSCS Subscales for students with LD and students without LD were presented. The correlation of Happiness with Behavior was significantly higher for students with LD than for the students without LD. No other subscale correlations were significantly different. This study focused on children from the primarily Hispanic background from only one school in an urban area. The results are generalized only to schools with similar populations; therefore, future research should employ larger samples of other ethnic groups. The next study will evaluate the self-concept of LD students versus academically gifted children. Educators and researchers traditionally relate self-concept with educational status, often concluding that children with LD have low self-concepts and academically gifted children have high self-concepts (Montgomery, 1994). Using the Multidimensional Self-Concept Scale (MSCS), Montgomery (1994) assessed the self-concept of students with LD, comparing observer ratings and self-reports both within the LD group and across LD, nondisabled, and high-achieving classes. Montgomerys (1994) results show that children with LD report lower academic and competence self-concepts than do high achieving and nondisabled children. However, the three student groups; LD, Nondisabled, and High Achieving, did not differ significantly in their social, family, affect, or physical self-concepts. Montgomerys (1994) comparisons of teachers evaluations of LD, nondisabled, and high achieving students global self-concepts showed that teachers incorrectly evaluated children with LD as having lower self-concepts t han nondisabled or high achieving students. The teachers appeared to magnify the differences among the student groups and clearly differentiated among LD, nondisabled, and high achieving children did themselves. The teacher-children comparisons for each student group show that teachers did indeed underrate the self-concepts of the children with LD. Montgomery (1994) concluded that parent evaluations of the children with LD were equivalent to the childrens self-reports. Parents of nondisabled and high achieving children also assessed their childrens global self-concepts accurately. Lastly, I will discuss the effects of school placement and social support on the self-concept of children and adolescents with LD. The primary purpose of the study conducted by Forman (1988) was to examine the effects of two types of social factors; school placement and perceived social support, on the self-concepts of children and adolescents with LD. The LD students received three types of educational services: self-contained LD classrooms, remediation during part of the day in LD resource rooms, and not yet receiving LD services in school. Perceived social support was assessed using a self-report measure developed by Harter which provided information on the availability of support from parents, teachers, classmates, and friends. Formans (1988) finding concluded that the self-perceptions of the LD students and adolescents studied were related to their perceived access to adequate social support. Forman (1988) showed the higher social support from parents, classmates, teachers, and friends were associated with higher self-esteem in general self-worth, scholastic competence-specific behaviors, athletic competenc e, and behavioral conduct. Also, Forman (1988) revealed that school placement did not seem to affect self-concept in her sample of subjects. She contributed this to the small number of subjects in both resource and regular classroom placements, making it difficult to achieve statistically significant difference at the .01 level. Further research using a larger sample is needed to better assess the impact of school placement on students with LD. The research described above demonstrates some of the many obstacles that students with LD encounter. There were inconsistencies in the research regarding the self-concept of students with LD. Heyman (1990) noted that there is a positive correlation between self-perception of learning disabilities, academic self-concept, and self-esteem. Cooley and Ayers (1988) concluded that there is a difference between students with LD and nonhandicapped students self-concepts. Gans, Kenny, and Ghany (2003) suggested children from primarily Hispanic backgrounds with LD had lower self-concept based on their responses on the Piers-Harris Childrens Self-Concept Scale. Also, Montgomery (1994) found that students with LD had lower self-concept based on their responses on the Multidimensional Self-Concept Scale. Additional factor such as placement of students with learning disabilities was also reviewed. Foreman (1988) showed that there isnt a reliable correlation between placement and self-concept. In conclusion, the research discussed in my literature review revealed that there are obstacles that students with LD encounter that affects their self-esteem and other self-perceptions. References Cooley, E.J. Ayres, R. R. (1988). Self-Concept and Success-Failure Attributes of  Nonhandicapped Students and Students with Learning Disabilities. Journal of Learning  Disabilities, 21, 174-178. Cosden, M., Elliot, K., Noble, S. Kelemen, E. (1999). Self-Understanding and Self-Esteem in  Children with Learning Disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 22, 279-290. Forman, E.A. (1988). The effects of social support and school placement on the self-concept of  LD students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 11, 115-124. Gans, A. M., Kenny, M. C., Ghany, D. L. (2003). Comparing the Self-Concept of Students  With and Without Learning Disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities,36(3), 287-295. Heyman, W. B. (1990). The Self-Perception of a Learning Disability and Its Relationship to  Academic Self-Concept and Self-Esteem. Journal of Learning Disabilities,23(8), 472-475. Montgomery, M.S. (1994). Self-Concept and Children with Learning Disabilities: Observer-Child Concordance Across Six Context-Dependent Domains. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(4), 254-262. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2016). Digest of  Education Statistics, 2015 (NCES 2016-014), Table 204.30. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=64

Examining leadership theories

Examining leadership theories 2.1.1 TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY Transformational leadership are those leaders that have vision and passion for great things and ensure that their followers are inspired by injecting enthusiasm and energy into them. According to Bertocci (2009), transformational leadership starts with the development of a vision, a view of the future that will excite potential followers. Transformational leaders are people oriented and they aim at making sure that the employees are highly committed to achieving the goals of the organisation. They encourage the employees to participate in contributing to the growth of the organisation by allowing them initiate ideas towards strategic directions. Transformational leaders motivate their followers to perform effectively in an organisation by encouraging, supporting and rewarding their performance. Furthermore, they also delegate task to their followers to enhance their performance and do a follow up to ensure that they are on the right direction of achieving the goals of the organisation. Transformational leadership focuses on achieving a vision and exceeding goals through intrinsic motivation and rewards, Bertocci (2009). The transformational leaders encourage the flow of communication in the organisation by clearly communicating the vision and goals of the organisation to the employees and they create a learning and development culture to make the employees to become competent. More importantly, they create an interesting workforce where the employees or followers are happy to deliver good services to the customers. 2.1.2 TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY Transactional leadership are leaders that reward their employees according to their contributions in order to enhance their performance and make them effective in the organisation. Transactional leadership focuses on the goal to be accomplished and provides rewards that are tied to performance but does not intervene unless the goals are not being met, Bertocci (2009). Transactional leaders believe that employees must obey the instructions given by them and that any task delegated to them must be done on time in order for their efforts to be rewarded. It should be noted, that transactional leadership style is one of the most used styles in organisation to enable the leaders or managers enhance the performance of the employees and to increase productivity in the organisation. According to Bass, the best leadership is based on both transformational and transactional, Homrig (2001). 2.1.3 A CASE STUDY OF ASDA Asda store is the UKs second largest supermarket and was founded in 1949 in Leeds. For a short time in the 80s Asda stores ltd was a subsidiary of Asda MFI plc. The company went through financial issues in the early 90s, however, under the leadership of Archie Norman (CEO), Asdas long-term sustainability plan was developed. When Norman left the organisation to pursue his political career, he was replaced by Allan Leighton and in 2005 Tony de Nunzio replaced Leighton. At present the (CEO) of Asda is Andy Clark. 2.1.4 THE IMPACT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL AND TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORIES IN THE OPERATIONS OF ASDA Asdas aim is to deliver the best services to its customers by providing affordable goods and services. In order to achieve these aim colleagues at Asda are highly committed at performing their duties effectively. The organisation decided to change the structure and culture of Asda during the period of Norman by adopting the transformational style of leadership. Archie Norman transformed Asda by creating new strategies to change the culture of the organisation; his strategies focused on lower prices in order to attract more customers and also developed a customer friendly culture and a flat hierarchy. Norman wanted to build a culture that valued listening, open communication, learning and speed of response. During an interview conducted with one of Asdas store manager who stated that at present Andy Clarke has continue the use of the same transformational theory of leadership in order to accomplish the vision and sustainability of Asda, and one of the reason was to develop a dedicated team for delivering goods to the customers and to make sure the customers are happy. In order to motivate their colleagues in achieving the goals of the organisation they encourage their performance through what they call huddles. The huddle is a way of keeping everyone informed about how the business is performing, Asda (2008). The store manager ensures that they communicate the activities for the day and help the colleagues stay focused in achieving the goals of the organisation. They also provide training and development programmes that is suitable for the employees in order to support them with everything they need for their job and to also enhance their performance. The programme is developed to also strengthen the employees in order for them to be able to achieve the goals of the organisation and most importantly for them to have knowledge about the job. They also make sure that new employees understand the nature of their job and the unique culture of the organisation through a proper induction programme. After which they provide the employees with all the necessary tools to deliver their jobs effectively. Asda provides training programmes such as tailored training, colleague to manager, new retail managers etc. The duty managers at Asda also empower their colleagues by giving them the opportunity to put ideas that will add more value to the organisation Andy Clark uses his suggestion scheme to encourage colleagues to present ideas to make the business even more successful, Asda (2010).The tell Andy gives the colleagues opportunities to contribute ideas during meetings which eventually encourages the colleagues at Asda to be part of the organisation. At Asda, the leaders encourage the performance of their colleagues by recognising their contributions towards the success of the organisation. They offer those employees that have contributed in a unique way a competitive package to show their appreciations. At Asda, the leaders also reward their employees according to the contributions they bring forward. The bonus scheme is designed to recognise and reward colleagues for their valued contributions. It should also be noted that the managers allocates and communicates what is to be done to their colleagues and also make them aware of the rewards and benefits they get according to how effective they are in carrying out their various task. 2.2 LEADERSHIP STRATEGY THAT SUPPORTS ORGANISATIONAL DIRECTION Leadership strategy makes explicit how many leaders you need, what kind, where, with what skills and behaving in what fashion individually and collectively to achieve the total success you seek, Pasmore (2010). In order for a leader to become effective in an organisation, the leader needs to understand the vision, mission, values and goals to be able to formulate strategies to really fit with the objectives of the organisation and how to achieve the strategies to accomplish the goals of the organisation. A leader cannot move an organisation forward without the people, therefore people with potentials are needed to support the growth of the organisation. Andy Clarke created strategies to support the growth of Asda by using a concept which he called tell Andy concept and the suggestion scheme to encourage colleagues to come together to meet the goals of the organisation. The idea of the strategies is to make the colleagues be a part of the organisation by presenting their ideas to make the business even more successful. Furthermore, if the ideas of the colleagues are accepted the duty managers ensure that the contributions are recognised and rewarded. 2.3 CONCLUSION In my analysis, I was able to understand that the impact of transformational and transactional leadership theories in Asda makes the organisation very effective in providing the best services for their customers. However, I would like to also suggest the path goal theory of leadership in the organisation which will also contribute to making sure that the task given to employees at Asda will be carried out within the given period of time. The path goal theory proposes that effective leaders motivate their followers by rewarding performance and the accomplishment of goals within time frames set by the task, Bretocci (2009). The use of the theory in the organisation will further encourage employees more and make them even more effective in delivering good customer service in Asda. BIBLIOGRAPHY Asda 2008: www.asda.jobs/all-about/index.html assessed on 30/12/2010 Asda 2010: www.asda.jobs/hourly/training-and-benefits/recognition assessed on 30/12/2010 David I. Bertocci 2009, leadership in organizations: there is a difference between leaders and managers (published by university press of America inc.) pgs. 52, 56, 59 Colonel Mark A. Homrig 2001(http://www.leadership.au.af.mil/documents/homrig.htm) assessed on 21/12/2010 TASK 3: PLANNING FOR LEADERSHIP 3.1 INTRODUCTION In this task I will be presenting the leadership requirements and planning for the development of leadership skills to support the growth of an organisation. 3.1.1 APPROPRIATE METHODS TO REVIEW CURRENT LEADERSHIP REQUIREMENTS In order for an organisation to be successful in their business the management needs skilful and talented leaders that will support the employees in effectively driving the workforce of the organisation to attain its goals. To be an effective and good leader entails looking into the future of the organisation for continuous growth therefore it is important for every organisation that is working towards success to have leaders that will initiate and bring ideas forward in the interest of the organisation and a highly skilled labour force that will also help the organisation to become highly competitive. Therefore, to be a competent leader, effective communication skills, effective time management, effective decision making, effective innovative skills, effective planning, effective listening skills, effective coaching skills, effective people management skills, effective motivating skills etc. are needed to develop plans to meet the requirements of the organisation. More importantly, the performance of the employees to meet the objectives of the organisation depends on the culture and structure of the organisation and it should be noted that a bad culture can be an obstacle to the progress of the organisation. However, as a good leader with good qualities of leadership Im required to restructure the organisation by initiating ideas to move the organisation from a bad culture and structure to a better one. Also bearing in mind that the most difficult part of restructuring is telling employees not to do what they are used to doing which might lead to the employees resisting to changes in the organisation, therefore a drastic leadership qualities will then be needed to change the behaviour of the employees by communicating with them to let them know the reasons for a strategic change and how the change will have an impact on them as well as the organisation. It is however, also important to adopt different styles of leadership to enable me adapt to different situations or difficulties that might arise in the organisation. Furthermore, the purpose of adopting the different styles of leadership is to be able to deal with challenges like managing people in the organisation during the strategic change by supporting them in carrying out an effective task in the new structure. The purpose of change is to move an organisation from its present point to a different one which is more desirable in meeting its objectives, Hannagan (2002). 3.2 PLANNING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE SITUATIONS Planning helps to ensure that the future is taken into account, which may help the organisation to control the situation it finds itself in as far as possible and to prepare for unexpected eventualities, Hannagan (2002). There are new approaches and technological advancements coming up every day and in order to keep up with the changes in technology, training and development is important. Therefore, coaching skills is required to coach and support the employees with the ever changing developments to enable them come together to achieve a goal. To follow up on the employees is my responsibility as an effective leader to make sure everything is going well with them during the training and if additional coaching is needed to make them carry out their task effectively it should be provided without any hesitates. 4.1 PLANNING FOR THE DEVELOPMENTS OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS FOR A SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT Having identified the leadership skills required above (see fig 3.1.1) to become a competent leader in taking up a role in management, it is important to carry out a proper plan on developing the skills. It should be noted that, i already have some leadership skills used in supporting my personal business but it is important to improve the skills and develop new ones to enable me meet professional requirements. To attain the role of a human resource manager in the family business in two years it is necessary to get a degree in the MBA programme by 2012 to set me on a journey of achieving my training goals. Furthermore, the learning objectives is to make me exhibit required skills in managing people because the human resource department is all about looking after the welfare of the people in the organisation, to exhibit communication skills to be able to express and analyse clearly the vision, mission and goals of the organisation. However, it should be noted that there are different ways of communicating with people; therefore, it is important to develop interpersonal communication skills like listening skills, writing skills to be able to interact with the employees. It will also help to exhibit skills in team-working because the human resource manager is all about working with other members and departments to come together to achieve the goals of the organisation. In achieving the learning objectives it is important to practise and develop myself by addressing major issues that include managing people during a strategic change, problem solving and all the other necessary skills required of a human resource manager in an organisation. In order to boost the leadership skills, it should be noted, that practising these skills will help to improve my performance on how to effectively lead employees in the organisation. More importantly, to be a professional leader, continuous learning and self-development is also necessary so after my MBA programme I would like to further gain more experience in human resource management by enrolling in a three months professional course back home in my country to enable me boost my profile and to be well qualified to take over the role of the human resource manager in the family business. On successful completion of the MBA programme and the three months professional course in human resource management, I am sure to have improved on my skills and be ready to effectively carry out my responsibilities as the new human resource manager in the family business in the nearest future. 4.2 REPORT ON USEFULNESS OF METHODS USED IN PLANNING THE DEVELOPMENTS OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS The purpose of the learning method is to enhance my knowledge and performance on the new and existing skills that I have. The learning is useful because it gives the knowledge of how a good leader should behave and set good examples for the followers. It further gives me a better understanding of strategic leadership and management. The use of the self-development method in planning for the leadership skills needed is to help me develop myself through practising the skills of a leader. 4.3 CONCLUSION Finally,

Negative Aspects of The Iraq War Essay -- essays research papers

By attacking Iraq, the United States has shown that they are no better than the villain Saddam Hussein. The assaults on Iraq were criminal and wicked acts while they were also unjust and unnecessary. In an attempt to overthrow Hussein and end his cruel reign of terror, the US sent in an armed military force. Since the beginning of the war, there have been over 3334 military fatalities for the US alone. The US has caused as many, if not more, civilian deaths in Iraq than Hussein did, and in the process we have lost many of our soldiers, in addition to the twenty-six thousand wounded. As England and many other countries try to help us with our fruitless quest, they also lose their soldiers. Not only may soldiers be hurt physically, the images they see in Iraq haunt them forever mentally. Our country had a huge surplus of money before the war started, but now we are in a colossal deficit. This is due to the fact that there were immense funds involved, therefore depriving every one of our country?s inhabitants of the money that is rightfully theirs. It is true that Hussein ruled tyr...

Essay on Luck and Fate in The Rocking Horse Winner -- Rocking Horse Wi

Luck and Fate in The Rocking Horse Winner The Rocking Horse Winner, by D.H. Lawrence, is an informative story about luck and one's own fortune. In this story, Lawrence attempts to illustrate how one can guide one's own fate, instead of allowing things to happen by chance. He believes that the only person that affects what happens to someone, is really that person himself. "Everything is what you make of it," is Lawrence's message to the reader. By his use of characterization, instructional images, and irony in The Rocking Horse Winner, D.H. Lawrence attempts to convey to the reader that success and luck are not something that one simply waits for to arrive, but things that one must works to achieve. Lawrence uses to contrasting characters to help convey his point, namely those of the boy Paul, and his mother, Hester. Paul, according to the story, is lucky, whereas his mother is not. It was not simply decided upon that it would be this way, but each character had a hand in how they would end up. Paul's mother allowed herself to be resigned to the fact that fate had dealt her an unlucky hand. Though she had three wonderful children, she could not love them. Though she had a roof over her head, she was not content, and yet she did nothing to change this besides wait for the difference that never came. The story says that Hester "wanted to be first in something, and did not succeed," and when she did not succeed, she moved on instead of working towards her goal. Paul, on the other hand, learned very quickly that if he is to succeed, he must have dedication. Paul applied him... ...mple, and death. She discovers the poor boy rocking himself into unconsciousness on the horse, and only understands the significance and importance of his exertion upon his death. Paul's mother, the inadvertent teacher, becomes the student, only to lose her teacher. Lawrence wishes for his reader's to understand the significance of working towards your goals before enjoying the fruits of one's labor. He instructs that waiting for good things to just fall into your lap is a lost cause, and the odds are hugely against you. If however, this does happen to you, that you should "take your gold and sit on it," before making any kind of decision about its proper use. Chances might be that the products themselves might depict their use, as in Paul's case.

Online Innovation :: essays research papers

Project overview: There is a great need for a full service and price competitive on-line meat shop. At this point, we may explain our company nature before and after go online like from â€Å"Blick and Mortar† to â€Å"Click and Mortar†? If we combine this need being met with the feel of shopping at a real â€Å"home town† meat shop our competitive advantage will be far greater than that of our competitors. There are very few alternatives for on-line meat shops. There are notch stores such as Bisonmeat.com that ships bison meat at a premium and targets only a small demographic. Also, there are full product providers like Iowameats.com. However there prices are wildly out of line compared to a â€Å"home town meat shop.† Should we emphasize our low cost of operation and production, which cause our low price offered? It is clear the on-line community is underserved in this area and it is evident that there is much room for growth and profitability in the on-line meat market industry. Value proposition: What we propose is a partnership with local meat shops in the US to achieve maximum shipping savings and product quality. Is this partnership including Delivery Service Company? Since we’ll offer free shipping to customers, we may need to mention about long term relationship or contract with Delivery Company. Practically, we won’t survive if we need to pay high for each shipment, isn’t it? We believe that we can offer the same meats at the same price as walking into the store and picking it off the shelf by offering subscriptions to our customers and creating a commission based service fee to the vendors. The subscriptions and commissions from the vendor (individual customer?) would be our revenue. The vendor would profit by name recognition on the site, increased sales from on-line purchases, and only pays in return for sales. Since we will be working with a â€Å"home town meat shop† we will have a competitive bundle of satisfactions.

The Four Types of Essay Organization

* The four types of essay organization that was discussed in the course readings were topic, time order, space order, and informative process. The characteristic that makes these essays expository for topic expository develops by topic systematically organizes information about topic in the most logical fashion. Time order developed by time order involves the sequential or chronological organization of information form one period to another. This types of expository developed arranges information according to date or specific time, for instance, from the earliest to the most recent or vice versa.Space order an expository essay developed by space order involves the spatial organization of idea. This arrangement refers to information that deals with location of people, places, or things. Finally, the informative process developed by informative process may best be described as how essay, or demonstration. * How to distinguish space organization from time organization or informative pro cess organization is that space organization arranges deals with people, places or things.And informative just involves step-by-step process, with arranged in their natural order, for example, â€Å"How to Write an Expository Essay†. * The organization of each essay can help the reader understand the subject matter because it helps defines and understand of each type of expository essays. * The essay I read that had the most effective organization was â€Å"A Soul as Free as the Air: About Lacy Stone†; because the essay explained everything about Lacy Stone by giving examples and details about her life.It also was developed in the four basic expository essay format with the topic giving the information about the whole essay, and with the time order it basically arranged everything and order that happened in her life, space order it stated how she lived her life in different place, and also the time she spent, and as for informative process the essay was basically writt en step by step giving details about the whole essay. * The type of essay organization that is suitable for my essay topic is topic because it would contain systematically organize information about a topic in the most logical fashion.

Emotion and Culture Paper

Emotion and Culture Paper Kerry Rogers PS2000 Intro to Psychology Professor Eva Owen March 20, 2013 Evaluating the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression. Also, evaluate how this is related to evolutionary psychology. Be sure to discuss how you would integrate this with a Christian worldview. Culture-specific or culturally universal expressions dominate the lifestyle of very culture on every nation on earth.And language is not as much of a bearer as one might think. Now lets look at the word â€Å"culture† to get a deeper understanding of the meaning. The word culture has many different meanings; let me give you some examples†¦ For some it means, a appreciation of good food, or literature or music and yes even art. Which for some is an enquired taste. Many books have been written on the subject, so we are never for a lac of understanding. â€Å"For news of the heart, ask the face. As people of differing cultures and races, do our faces speak differing languages? Which face expresses disgust? Anger? Fear? or Happiness? Sadness? Surprise? Those are just some of the question asked by very culture. From a psychological aspect researchers have found that happy people tend to have high self-esteem. People also tend to be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable. They have close friendships and more satisfying marriages. And more importantly they have a more active faith.However happiness seems not much related to other factors such as: Age, gender, parenthood and physical attractiveness. A wealth of studies has revealed another curious correlation, called the faith factor. Religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active. Health and other factors have an affect on our life’s outcome. I am not sure how culture and psychology work into a Christian worldview, but I do know that God does affect very culture and aspect of very human life that was born or will be born.Whether you belie ve that God is your creator or not does not negate from the truth. Evolution is a theory and a lie that came from human evolutionary lies that have been handed down for the past two hundred years. While Christianity, has been around since the beginning of time. You want more proof all you have to do is read the book, the book that has been reprinted and read more than any other book. Christianity is full of culture and life stories that give history like no other lifestyle known by man.

How Were Workhouses Run so That Only Those in Need of Genuine Help Would Apply Essay

Workhouses, tried many things to stop those in need of help applying for help; this was because they soon became to expensive to run which is why the owners of the workhouse began to try to put the public off applying for help. I am going to cover all of the main reasons that tell you why the poor were ‘put off’. To begin, the workhouses soon introduced separation, they had different classifications. These were: Infirm men, able-bodied men and youths above fifteen, boys above the age of seven and under fifteen, infirm women, able-bodied women and girls above fifteen, girls above the age of seven and under fifteen and children under seven (however they were allowed in the same workhouse as either their mother or father). This would mean that if you were classified to a different class than someone else in your family, for instance; you would be separated and not allowed to communicate. This encourage those in need of slightly less help not to apply, as they may have believed that scraping a living with their family and friends would be better than getting separated in a work house. Next, the living conditions may be considered to have been better outside the workhouse, scraping a living, the living conditions were horrific! Firstly, all the women and babies were all living in the same room; this meant that when one baby awakened, apart from a heavy sleeper, everyone woke up. They also slept in square, coffin-like beds, which will have been hardly comfortable to sleep in. For me, if workhouses wanted their employees to perform to their full potential they would have given them good living conditions, however they didn’t want people coming in on demand. Because the workhouses mad the living conditions so horrific, would have encouraged many to not apply for help. This is because they may have believed they would get a longer, more comfortable sleep outside the workhouse. To continue, the food provided was terrible, the food was cooked terribly for a few reasons, two examples would be because the workhouses wanted to save money and buy the cheapest food, for the cheapest possible price and they may have purposely cooked the food badly. They also gave each of the same food for each food break causing people to have a bad diet. Again, people in poverty would not apply for help. People wouldn’t apply because word would spread about the terrible food and people wouldn’t apply because again they could think that they could get better food elsewhere. The workhouse owners probably knew that word of this would spread and less people would apply for help, like they wanted. Next, punishments were very harsh and barely taken into consideration, for instance the workhouse owners would judge whether someone was ill or not ill, for instance, if they judged someone to be well and fit when they were ill the would punish the ill person, for no reason when they should be treating their employee well so that as soon as they had recovered, they would be able to perform at a high standard again. This would have put people off because they would be scared of the owners and if they were a parent, they may feel that they were the person to hand out punishments to child not the owners. The owners most possibly knew again that word would spread and would be ruthless to any parent try who tried to have authority. Working conditions, like living conditions were poor. Some people may have applied sot they may get a more enjoyable job with good earnings, instead they were allocated with jobs such as rope picking, this was where a worker had to get old, battered rope, and individually take each thread off the rope and then put it back together to make good rope. This would have put the poor off because they may feel that the jobs they were doing were more enjoyable plus they may feel that they should be doing better jobs if they were to apply for help because workhouses had been advertised to be the ‘way out’ of problems. My final point is on the fact that the workers had no individuality. The workhouse owners had some rules which were strict and if broken would show no tolerance. An example of this is in a picture, it shows how each of the women in the workhouse are having their meal, everyone’s food is exactly the same food, which for lunch was commonly beef and vegetable soup, so vegetarians would be forced to eat the food, not necessarily by the workhouse owners but by their own hunger because they were served such a small amount, they would be extremely hungry. They were also sat in rows, they were not allowed to socialise and they all had to wear uniforms. This would make employees feel worthless and as if they were in prison and ultimately they would feel demoralised and wouldn’t feel excited for the job they would do after their lunch, for example. Word would have spread about this (Like the owners would have wanted) and the poor would feel that the joy of socialising was worth m ore than living a poor lifestyle. To conclude this essay, I feel the most important factor that people would have taken into consideration would be the fact that families were split; the workhouse owners would have found that this was the biggest blow to a family thinking of applying because they would have wanted to be together.

Indigenous Peoples of the Americas and Brand New Way Essay

Indigenous people are those that are native to an area. Throughout the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by greedy corporate businesses trying to take their land. The people indigenous to Australia, Brazil and South America, and Hawaii are currently fighting for their rights as people: the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from society. Indigenous People of Brazil and South America The people indigenous to Brazil and South America are an extremely noteworthy group. The Brazilian population originally derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, the country has been a mixture of many â€Å"races† of people. Of these, are the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved African blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia. Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazil’s officials and businesses. Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many indigenous tribes, is causing great turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians’ â€Å"original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy† and promise that these lands will be â€Å"demarcated† and â€Å"protected†, the Government Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, â€Å"in reality, most most indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development. † This claim is substantiated by the fact that â€Å"mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated indian lands, while thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects,† (PeaceNet) The link between global environmental change and the rights of indigenous populations results from the close relationship between indigenous people’s cultural and economic situations and their environmental settings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence. Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites one occasion in which a thirty-five year old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was found lying face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby lay his nineteen year-old nephew, murdered by the same means. Opposition from local ranchers stalled the demarcation of the land belonging to the Macuxi Indians. The Macuxi are a group whose ancestral lands lie on the plains of Roraima. The Indians’ claim to the land has resulted in the attacks, and thusfar have forced many to abandon the ancestral grasslands. The report continues, â€Å"Damaio Mendes and Mario Davis were killed for land. The investigation into the killing was cursory. No one has been brought to justice. Dozens of Indians in Brazil have been murdered in similar circumstances. † One group, the leaders of the Mexica Movement, accuse Europeans of invading their lands in 1492 and and 1519, and breaking up â€Å"our lands that they call Mexico(1821), â€Å"Central America†(1823), and the â€Å"U. S. Southwest†(Texas in 1836 and the rest in 1848). (Mexica, 2)† They also point out that â€Å"In the last 500 years, in addition to the theft of our lands, we have seen the destruction of of our Anahuac cities, the execution of our leaders, the genocide if 23 million of our people (95% of our population killed), the theft of our wealth, the theft of out labor, and most importantly, the theft of our true Anahuac identity, history, heritage, and theology. † They point out many of the successes of the Anahuac civilization, including developed sciences, agriculture, philosophies, all of the civilized arts, and three cities larger than Europe’s largest city. Powerful phrases are used, such as â€Å"racial rape and cultural castration of our population†, and claim that the the influx of Europeans caused the Anahuac to become a society riddled with â€Å"ignorance, poor education, low-self-esteem, poverty, crime, gangs, dropouts, lack of indigenous representation, and and an inferiority complex of the worst kind: the self-hate of an entire people. † The Mexica Movement believes that the best way to solve this problem that they, as a society, are faced with, is to provide knowledge of its history and true heritage. They believe that â€Å"Knowledge, vision, courage, and perseverance will change our people into an authentically proud people, and a revived creative world force†¦ We will hold our heads and hearts proudly. We will happily know who we are. † Indigenous People of Australia The Aborigines are an indigenous group from Australia. They were the first human inhabitants of this land. The word Aborigine is actually from Latin language, meaning â€Å"from the beginning†. The Europeans gave this name to native Australians, but this is not what they call themselves. They prefer to be called Koori (Ponnamperuma). They adapted to their environment well: the people in the colder southeast tended to be short and thick-set which was useful for conserving body heat, and the people in the hot desert were taller and lean. The Aboriginals lived solely by hunting and food gathering. Each group accumulated detailed knowledge of the habits, cycles, and and food values of the plants, insects reptiles, marsupials, and fish found in its area, developing methods and equipment for obtaining them and, when necessary, for making them edible. The behavior of one insect, plant, or animal was a sign the condition or appearance of certain others, each in its own place in time. When one population group of natives increased beyond the number that could live within practical range, some of its members moved to the next unoccupied area, and still held kinship, social, economic, and ritual ties with the original group. By this process, all of Australia was occupied. The basic part of Aboriginal life was complete dependence on nature and on intelligent adaptation through knowledge and skill. This equilibrium between the native people and nature was hugely upset by European settlements beginning in 1788. The better lands were seized, and the food-gathering, theology, and social activities were stringently changed. The groups located near white settlements became more on an unbalanced diet furnished by whites. The inevitable result was the economic decline of the native people. The Aboriginals did, however, adjust to their new environment. For example, some Aboriginals in the northern cattle area were employed as stockmen. The Australian Federal Government is working along with natives to employ gradual self-determination and consultation in decision making. (Altman) However, continuing impoverished lifestyles of many groups of Aboriginals continues to be a problem. Education is poor and housing is inadequate(Real Borges 5 World). They received the right to vote in 1967, and are continuing to be successful in continuously demanding their rights as people (Ponnamperuma). Indigenous People of Hawaii In 1893, the United States Government along with U. S. Minister John L. Stevens, through covert operations, overthrew the Hawaiian monarch led by Queen Liliuokalani and helped to establish a Provisional Government which took full possession of all government functions and buildings of the Hawaiian islands. That same year, President Grover Cleveland submitted to Congress a full report that condemned the role of the American minister and the U. S. Marines and called for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy. In 1898, Congress ignored President Cleveland’s previous request and brought into the Union the Hawaiian Islands through the â€Å"Newlands Resolution† This was legally questioned as to whether the U. S. Congress had authority to admit territory into the Union because it is not specified that it had right to acquire land other than through conquest or treaty. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) realizes that the actions taken by the U. S. are illegal and thus are the basis for their legal claims for the restoration of human, civil, property, and sovereign rights of Hawaii’s indigenous people. The JACL believes that the unlawful overthrow holds special significance, as it has neither been addressed nor remedied for over a century. This loss of self-rule, according to the JACL â€Å"remains an important cultural and political factor today (Costanha)†. Additionally, the JACL believes that â€Å"unresolved justice to one is harm endured by all†¦ full range or consideration of Hawaii’s peoples’ rights and freedoms must be completely explored in order to bring about harmony within Hawaii’s society,†(Costanha). The JACL Many Hawaiians are bitter about the current â€Å"hip Hawaiian culture,† with hula girls and surfers. Many believe that they are being exploited, including one of the leaders of the native Hawaiian’s sovereignty movement, Haunani-Kay Trask (Nakao, 1). There are two proposed plans for a sovereign Hawaii. One is the â€Å"nation within a nation† model in which 4. 2 million square acres are set aside as Hawaiian homeland and residents pay taxes to elected Hawaiian representatives. The United States would still be in charge of defense and most legal matters, but Hawaii would have control over its land and resources. The other plan is that of complete sovereignty, in which Hawaii holds complete rule. The countries of Brazil and Australia and the state of Hawaii all have things in common: internal conflict, one group thriving at the bottom of a social hierarchy, and that same group fighting for their rights. These groups need and deserve to be given the land that Europeans have taken from them, and also should be treated equally. Indigenous People Indigenous people are those that are native to an area. Throughout the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by greedy corporate businesses trying to take their land. The people indigenous to Australia, Brazil and South America, and Hawaii are currently fighting for their rights as people: the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from society. Indigenous People of Brazil and South America The people indigenous to Brazil and South America are an extremely noteworthy group. The Brazilian population originally derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, the country has been a mixture of many â€Å"races† of people. Of these, are the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved African blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia. Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazil’s officials and businesses. Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many indigenous tribes, is causing great turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians’ â€Å"original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy† and promise that these lands will be â€Å"demarcated† and â€Å"protected†, the Government Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, â€Å"in reality, most most indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development. † This claim is substantiated by the fact that â€Å"mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated indian lands, while thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects,† (PeaceNet) The link between global environmental change and the rights of indigenous populations results from the close relationship between indigenous people’s cultural and economic situations and their environmental settings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence. Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites one occasion in which a thirty-five year old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was found lying face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby lay his nineteen year-old nephew, murdered by the same means. Opposition from local ranchers stalled the demarcation of the land belonging to the Macuxi Indians. The Macuxi are a group whose ancestral lands lie on the plains of Roraima. The Indians’ claim to the land has resulted in the attacks, and thusfar have forced many to abandon the ancestral grasslands. The report continues, â€Å"Damaio Mendes and Mario Davis were killed for land. The investigation into the killing was cursory. No one has been brought to justice. Dozens of Indians in Brazil have been murdered in similar circumstances. † One group, the leaders of the Mexica Movement, accuse Europeans of invading their lands in 1492 and and 1519, and breaking up â€Å"our lands that they call Mexico(1821), â€Å"Central America†(1823), and the â€Å"U. S. Southwest†(Texas in 1836 and the rest in 1848). (Mexica, 2)† They also point out that â€Å"In the last 500 years, in addition to the theft of our lands, we have seen the destruction of of our Anahuac cities, the execution of our leaders, the genocide if 23 million of our people (95% of our population killed), the theft of our wealth, the theft of out labor, and most importantly, the theft of our true Anahuac identity, history, heritage, and theology. † They point out many of the successes of the Anahuac civilization, including developed sciences, agriculture, philosophies, all of the civilized arts, and three cities larger than Europe’s largest city. Powerful phrases are used, such as â€Å"racial rape and cultural castration of our population†, and claim that the the influx of Europeans caused the Anahuac to become a society riddled with â€Å"ignorance, poor education, low-self-esteem, poverty, crime, gangs, dropouts, lack of indigenous representation, and and an inferiority complex of the worst kind: the self-hate of an entire people. † The Mexica Movement believes that the best way to solve this problem that they, as a society, are faced with, is to provide knowledge of its history and true heritage. They believe that â€Å"Knowledge, vision, courage, and perseverance will change our people into an authentically proud people, and a revived creative world force†¦ We will hold our heads and hearts proudly. We will happily know who we are. † Indigenous People of Australia The Aborigines are an indigenous group from Australia. They were the first human inhabitants of this land. The word Aborigine is actually from Latin language, meaning â€Å"from the beginning†. The Europeans gave this name to native Australians, but this is not what they call themselves. They prefer to be called Koori (Ponnamperuma). They adapted to their environment well: the people in the colder southeast tended to be short and thick-set which was useful for conserving body heat, and the people in the hot desert were taller and lean. The Aboriginals lived solely by hunting and food gathering. Each group accumulated detailed knowledge of the habits, cycles, and and food values of the plants, insects reptiles, marsupials, and fish found in its area, developing methods and equipment for obtaining them and, when necessary, for making them edible. The behavior of one insect, plant, or animal was a sign the condition or appearance of certain others, each in its own place in time. When one population group of natives increased beyond the number that could live within practical range, some of its members moved to the next unoccupied area, and still held kinship, social, economic, and ritual ties with the original group. By this process, all of Australia was occupied. The basic part of Aboriginal life was complete dependence on nature and on intelligent adaptation through knowledge and skill. This equilibrium between the native people and nature was hugely upset by European settlements beginning in 1788. The better lands were seized, and the food-gathering, theology, and social activities were stringently changed. The groups located near white settlements became more on an unbalanced diet furnished by whites. The inevitable result was the economic decline of the native people. The Aboriginals did, however, adjust to their new environment. For example, some Aboriginals in the northern cattle area were employed as stockmen. The Australian Federal Government is working along with natives to employ gradual self-determination and consultation in decision making. (Altman) However, continuing impoverished lifestyles of many groups of Aboriginals continues to be a problem. Education is poor and housing is inadequate(Real Borges 5 World). They received the right to vote in 1967, and are continuing to be successful in continuously demanding their rights as people (Ponnamperuma). Indigenous People of Hawaii In 1893, the United States Government along with U. S. Minister John L. Stevens, through covert operations, overthrew the Hawaiian monarch led by Queen Liliuokalani and helped to establish a Provisional Government which took full possession of all government functions and buildings of the Hawaiian islands. That same year, President Grover Cleveland submitted to Congress a full report that condemned the role of the American minister and the U. S. Marines and called for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy. In 1898, Congress ignored President Cleveland’s previous request and brought into the Union the Hawaiian Islands through the â€Å"Newlands Resolution† This was legally questioned as to whether the U. S. Congress had authority to admit territory into the Union because it is not specified that it had right to acquire land other than through conquest or treaty. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) realizes that the actions taken by the U. S. are illegal and thus are the basis for their legal claims for the restoration of human, civil, property, and sovereign rights of Hawaii’s indigenous people. The JACL believes that the unlawful overthrow holds special significance, as it has neither been addressed nor remedied for over a century. This loss of self-rule, according to the JACL â€Å"remains an important cultural and political factor today (Costanha)†. Additionally, the JACL believes that â€Å"unresolved justice to one is harm endured by all†¦ full range or consideration of Hawaii’s peoples’ rights and freedoms must be completely explored in order to bring about harmony within Hawaii’s society,†(Costanha). The JACL Many Hawaiians are bitter about the current â€Å"hip Hawaiian culture,† with hula girls and surfers. Many believe that they are being exploited, including one of the leaders of the native Hawaiian’s sovereignty movement, Haunani-Kay Trask (Nakao, 1). There are two proposed plans for a sovereign Hawaii. One is the â€Å"nation within a nation† model in which 4. 2 million square acres are set aside as Hawaiian homeland and residents pay taxes to elected Hawaiian representatives. The United States would still be in charge of defense and most legal matters, but Hawaii would have control over its land and resources. The other plan is that of complete sovereignty, in which Hawaii holds complete rule. The countries of Brazil and Australia and the state of Hawaii all have things in common: internal conflict, one group thriving at the bottom of a social hierarchy, and that same group fighting for their rights. These groups need and deserve to be given the land that Europeans have taken from them, and also should be treated equally. Indigenous People. Indigenous people are those that are native to an area. Throughout the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by greedy corporate businesses trying to take their land. The people indigenous to Australia, Brazil and South America, and Hawaii are currently fighting for their rights as people: the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from society. Indigenous People of Brazil and South America The people indigenous to Brazil and South America are an extremely noteworthy group. The Brazilian population originally derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, the country has been a mixture of many â€Å"races† of people. Of these, are the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved African blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia. Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazil’s officials and businesses. Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many indigenous tribes, is causing great turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians’ â€Å"original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy† and promise that these lands will be â€Å"demarcated† and â€Å"protected†, the Government Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, â€Å"in reality, most most indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development. â€Å" This claim is substantiated by the fact that â€Å"mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated indian lands, while thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects,† (PeaceNet) The link between global environmental change and the rights of indigenous populations results from the close relationship between indigenous people’s cultural and economic situations and their environmental settings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence. Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites one occasion in which a thirty-five year old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was found lying face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby lay his nineteen year-old nephew, murdered by the same means. Opposition from local ranchers stalled the demarcation of the land belonging to the Macuxi Indians. The Macuxi are a group whose ancestral lands lie on the plains of Roraima. The Indians’ claim to the land has resulted in the attacks, and thusfar have forced many to abandon the ancestral grasslands. The report continues, â€Å"Damaio Mendes and Mario Davis were killed for land. The investigation into the killing was cursory. No one has been brought to justice. Dozens of Indians in Brazil have been murdered in similar circumstances. † One group, the leaders of the Mexica Movement, accuse Europeans of invading their lands in 1492 and and 1519, and breaking up â€Å"our lands that they call Mexico(1821), â€Å"Central America†(1823), and the â€Å"U. S. Southwest†(Texas in 1836 and the rest in 1848). (Mexica, 2)† They also point out that â€Å"In the last 500 years, in addition to the theft of our lands, we have seen the destruction of of our Anahuac cities, the execution of our leaders, the genocide if 23 million of our people (95% of our population killed), the theft of our wealth, the theft of out labor, and most importantly, the theft of our true Anahuac identity, history, heritage, and theology. † They point out many of the successes of the Anahuac civilization, including developed sciences, agriculture, philosophies, all of the civilized arts, and three cities larger than Europe’s largest city. Powerful phrases are used, such as â€Å"racial rape and cultural castration of our population†, and claim that the the influx of Europeans caused the Anahuac to become a society riddled with â€Å"ignorance, poor education, low-self-esteem, poverty, crime, gangs, dropouts, lack of indigenous representation, and and an inferiority complex of the worst kind: the self-hate of an entire people. † The Mexica Movement believes that the best way to solve this problem that they, as a society, are faced with, is to provide knowledge of its history and true heritage. They believe that â€Å"Knowledge, vision, courage, and perseverance will change our people into an authentically proud people, and a revived creative world force†¦ We will hold our heads and hearts proudly. We will happily know who we are. † Indigenous People of Australia The Aborigines are an indigenous group from Australia. They were the first human inhabitants of this land. The word Aborigine is actually from Latin language, meaning â€Å"from the beginning†. The Europeans gave this name to native Australians, but this is not what they call themselves. They prefer to be called Koori (Ponnamperuma). They adapted to their environment well: the people in the colder southeast tended to be short and thick-set which was useful for conserving body heat, and the people in the hot desert were taller and lean. The Aboriginals lived solely by hunting and food gathering. Each group accumulated detailed knowledge of the habits, cycles, and and food values of the plants, insects reptiles, marsupials, and fish found in its area, developing methods and equipment for obtaining them and, when necessary, for making them edible. The behavior of one insect, plant, or animal was a sign the condition or appearance of certain others, each in its own place in time. When one population group of natives increased beyond the number that could live within practical range, some of its members moved to the next unoccupied area, and still held kinship, social, economic, and ritual ties with the original group. By this process, all of Australia was occupied. The basic part of Aboriginal life was complete dependence on nature and on intelligent adaptation through knowledge and skill. This equilibrium between the native people and nature was hugely upset by European settlements beginning in 1788. The better lands were seized, and the food-gathering, theology, and social activities were stringently changed. The groups located near white settlements became more on an unbalanced diet furnished by whites. The inevitable result was the economic decline of the native people. The Aboriginals did, however, adjust to their new environment. For example, some Aboriginals in the northern cattle area were employed as stockmen. The Australian Federal Government is working along with natives to employ gradual self-determination and consultation in decision making. (Altman) However, continuing impoverished lifestyles of many groups of Aboriginals continues to be a problem. Education is poor and housing is inadequate(Real Borges 5 World). They received the right to vote in 1967, and are continuing to be successful in continuously demanding their rights as people (Ponnamperuma). Indigenous People of Hawaii. In 1893, the United States Government along with U. S. Minister John L. Stevens, through covert operations, overthrew the Hawaiian monarch led by Queen Liliuokalani and helped to establish a Provisional Government which took full possession of all government functions and buildings of the Hawaiian islands. That same year, President Grover Cleveland submitted to Congress a full report that condemned the role of the American minister and the U. S. Marines and called for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy. In 1898, Congress ignored President Cleveland’s previous request and brought into the Union the Hawaiian Islands through the â€Å"Newlands Resolution† This was legally questioned as to whether the U. S. Congress had authority to admit territory into the Union because it is not specified that it had right to acquire land other than through conquest or treaty. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) realizes that the actions taken by the U. S. are illegal and thus are the basis for their legal claims for the restoration of human, civil, property, and sovereign rights of Hawaii’s indigenous people. The JACL believes that the unlawful overthrow holds special significance, as it has neither been addressed nor remedied for over a century. This loss of self-rule, according to the JACL â€Å"remains an important cultural and political factor today (Costanha)†. Additionally, the JACL believes that â€Å"unresolved justice to one is harm endured by all†¦ full range or consideration of Hawaii’s peoples’ rights and freedoms must be completely explored in order to bring about harmony within Hawaii’s society,†(Costanha). The JACL Many Hawaiians are bitter about the current â€Å"hip Hawaiian culture,† with hula girls and surfers. Many believe that they are being exploited, including one of the leaders of the native Hawaiian’s sovereignty movement, Haunani-Kay Trask (Nakao, 1). There are two proposed plans for a sovereign Hawaii. One is the â€Å"nation within a nation† model in which 4. 2 million square acres are set aside as Hawaiian homeland and residents pay taxes to elected Hawaiian representatives. The United States would still be in charge of defense and most legal matters, but Hawaii would have control over its land and resources. The other plan is that of complete sovereignty, in which Hawaii holds complete rule. The countries of Brazil and Australia and the state of Hawaii all have things in common: internal conflict, one group thriving at the bottom of a social hierarchy, and that same group fighting for their rights. These groups need and deserve to be given the land that Europeans have taken from them, and also should be treated equally.